In reading and writing, what do "meaning markers" refer to?

"Meaning markers" primarily refer to typography and punctuation in the context of reading and writing. These elements serve to enhance the clarity and comprehension of text by providing visual cues that indicate how the text should be interpreted. For example, punctuation marks such as commas, periods, and question marks structure sentences, help convey tone, and signal pauses or stops in reading. Typography, including font choices and formatting (like bold or italics), also plays a role in emphasizing certain words or phrases, guiding the reader’s understanding of the text's meaning.

The other options do not encapsulate the concept of meaning markers in the same way. Phonological cues relate more to sound and pronunciation rather than written text. Field-specific vocabulary refers to terminology unique to particular disciplines, which may inform meaning but not serve as markers in the same context. Speech intonation, while essential in verbal communication for conveying meaning and emotion, does not apply to the written form where typography and punctuation are utilized to achieve a similar purpose.